Cache Archives - Ojibwe.net https://ojibwe.net/t/cache/ Preserving Anishinaabemowin for future generations Mon, 10 Nov 2025 00:15:33 +0000 en hourly 1 https://ojibwe.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cropped-Favicon-Transparent-32x32.png Cache Archives - Ojibwe.net https://ojibwe.net/t/cache/ 32 32 I’ll Cut a Hole and Future Cache https://ojibwe.net/ill-cut-a-hole-and-future-cache/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=ill-cut-a-hole-and-future-cache Sun, 07 Aug 2022 20:51:54 +0000 https://ojibwe.net/?p=9443 I’ll Cut a Hole (Niwii-waanike) and Future Cache (Asanjigowin) About the Art B2-Ill-Cut-A-Hole Andrea Carlson Anishinaabe; Gichimookomaanakiing, 1979 gaa-ondaadizi Namanji-ayi’iing ako debani-ayi’iing Niwii-waanike Asanjigowin 2022 Zhizhoobii'iganaaboo, gaaskiiginowaaboo, agokiwasiganaaboo, ozhibii'iganaaboo, ozhibii'iganaakaaboo, miinawaa asinikaan mazina'iganing Nimiigwechiwenimaanaan Gaazheninjiged O'o ikidowin "cheboiganing" ezhi-inaagwad "zhaabo'iganing" gemaa "zhiibaa’iganing" Anishinaabemong gaye izhi-nisidawendaagwag "zhaabo'ige" gemaa "zhiibaa'ige"; Carlson aabideg inendang Niwii-waanike-ing miinawaa [...]

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I’ll Cut a Hole (Niwii-waanike) and Future Cache (Asanjigowin)

I'll Cut a Hole and Future Cache by Andrea Carlson, 2022

Oil, acrylic, gouache, ink, marker, and graphite on paper Courtesy of the artist

About the Art

About the Art (in Anishinaabemowin)

B2-Ill-Cut-A-Hole

Andrea Carlson
Anishinaabe; Gichimookomaanakiing, 1979 gaa-ondaadizi

Namanji-ayi’iing ako debani-ayi’iing

Niwii-waanike
Asanjigowin
2022
Zhizhoobii’iganaaboo, gaaskiiginowaaboo, agokiwasiganaaboo, ozhibii’iganaaboo, ozhibii’iganaakaaboo, miinawaa asinikaan mazina’iganing
Nimiigwechiwenimaanaan Gaazheninjiged

O’o ikidowin “cheboiganing” ezhi-inaagwad “zhaabo’iganing” gemaa “zhiibaa’iganing” Anishinaabemong gaye izhi-nisidawendaagwag “zhaabo’ige” gemaa “zhiibaa’ige”; Carlson aabideg inendang Niwii-waanike-ing miinawaa Asanjigowin-ing, mii dash makadewaag gaye waabishkaag nayaabisingin izhi-ateg inendaagwag ezhi-inaagwag Burt Zaaga’iganing.

Niwii-waanike (Namanji-ayi’iing) daa-izhi-nisidawaabanjigaade Zhaabo’iganing Anishinaabeg ojiibayikaaniwaa izhinikaadeg Chitwaa Maanii, mii dash eta imaa gaa-onzikaag dibendamowaad wayeshkad. Jiibayikaan izhi-bagidenimigoowaad gaa-niboowaad aabiitoo-ayi’iing 1885 ako 1909. Zhizhoobii’igan izhi-nisidawendaagwad nagamowin “Bi-izhise niisa-ayi’iing, Chitwaa odaabaan,” gaa-ozhibii’ang Wallace Willis-iban ( gaa-ondaadizi 1828), gaa-abaaniiwininiwid biinish Choctaw Anishinaaben bami’igod ishkwaa Gichi-miigaadiwin (1861-1865). Nisidawendaagwad idamising ishpiming dash, wekidod idang, “giishpin ni-ayaayaan iwedi jibwaa giin, niwii-waanike gaye zhaabobizhinaan.” Ishpaa-ayi’iing jiibayikaaning Anishinaabe naagadawendamowin: “Wiidookawishin wii-nibwaakaayaan dash ani-zhawenimagwaa gakina,” mii gaye ozhibii’igaadeg ishkweyaang gikinawaajichiganing jiibayikaaning.

Asanjigowin-ing (Debani-ayi’iing), Carlson ogii-zhizhoobii’aan mitaawangaagamigong Burt Zaaga’iganing. Ogii-inendaanan gete-mazina’iganensan izhi-mazinibii’igaadeg mino-ezhiwebiziwaad wayaabishkiwijig, aanawi misawendang zhizhoobii’ang giishpin gakina weshki-danabijig aapidinenjigaazowaad dash nagadamowaad ogiziingwe’oniwaan eta. O’o zhizhoobii’iganing dash aki gaa-giiwe-izhinaagojigaadeg.

Carlson ogii-gaakikinaan mazina’igan wii-naadamaagwag onow zhizhoobii’iganan dash gaa-aabajichigaadeg iw apii inaakoninidiyaang ge aabajitoowaad weshki-danabijig gagwe-wayezhimaawaad Anishinaaben.

Andrea Carlson
Ojibwe, United States, born 1979

LEFT TO RIGHT

I’ll Cut a Hole
Future Cache
2022
Oil, acrylic, gouache, ink, marker, and graphite on paper
Courtesy of the artist

The word “cheboiganing” means “portage” or “passage through”; Carlson draws upon this notion in I’ll Cut a Hole and Future Cache, in which overlapping black-and-white patterns frame apertures onto imaginary views of Burt Lake.

I’ll Cut a Hole (left) looks onto Cheboiganing Band’s St. Mary’s Cemetery, one of the few remaining locations from the Band’s ancestral village. The cemetery holds the remains of Band members who died between 1885 and 1909. The painting’s title refers to a lyric from the spiritual “Swing Low, Sweet Chariot,” composed by Wallace Willis (born 1828), a formerly enslaved man granted citizenship in the Choctaw Nation after the Civil War (1861–65). Referring to heaven, the speaker says, “If I get there before you do, I’ll cut a hole and pull you through.” Hovering over the scene of memorial crosses is an Indigenous proverb: “GIVE ME KNOWLEDGE SO I MAY HAVE KINDNESS FOR ALL,” which is also found on the back of a sign in the cemetery.

In Future Cache (right), Carlson portrays a sandy beach along the blue waters of Burt Lake. The scene is based on postcards depicting idyllic views of white beachgoers, but in a reversal of the dispossession of the Cheboiganing Band, the colonizers, indicated only by their crumpled towels, have been erased from the land. This painting thus reclaims the lake from its current use as a commodified site for tourism.

Carlson has chosen paper as the support for these paintings because of its long history of being used in treaties and contracts in which colonial settlers employed abstract and confusing language to steal Indigenous lands.

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]]> Future Cache Works https://ojibwe.net/future-cache-works/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=future-cache-works Sun, 07 Aug 2022 20:59:24 +0000 https://ojibwe.net/?p=9449 Future Cache Works About Future Cache Works Andrea Carlson Anishinaabe, Gichimookomaanakiing, 1979 gaa-ondaadizi 2022 Agokiwasiganaaboo mazina'iganing Ginjidabii’igan-mazina’igan, ozhibii'iganaaboo mazina’iganing Nimiigwechiwenimaanaan Gaazheninjiged Wiisagishing Zazaagiziwinini Naabaa'igani-Gichipizon aabajichigaade wii-bimiwichigaadeg bwaa-ayi'iig geyaabi #4 Gaazhigiked Nibi Naabaa'igani-Gichipizon aabajichigaade wii-bimiwichigaadeg bwaa-ayi’iig geyaabi #6 Makak Mamazinaa Gigizhebaa-giizhig "Binaakwiiwi-giizis 15, 1900" Naabaa'igani-Gichipizon aabajichigaade wii-bimiwichigaadeg bwaa-ayi'iig geyaabi #5 Ginjidabii'igan-mazina'igan, Margaret Noodin, [...]

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Future Cache Works

Future Cache Works

Gouache on paper Letterpress, ink on paper. Courtesy of the artist

About

About the Art (in Anishinaabemowin)

Future Cache Works

Andrea Carlson
Anishinaabe, Gichimookomaanakiing, 1979 gaa-ondaadizi
2022
Agokiwasiganaaboo mazina’iganing
Ginjidabii’igan-mazina’igan, ozhibii’iganaaboo mazina’iganing
Nimiigwechiwenimaanaan Gaazheninjiged

  1. Wiisagishing
  2. Zazaagiziwinini
  3. Naabaa’igani-Gichipizon aabajichigaade wii-bimiwichigaadeg bwaa-ayi’iig geyaabi #4
    Gaazhigiked
  4. Nibi
  5. Naabaa’igani-Gichipizon aabajichigaade wii-bimiwichigaadeg bwaa-ayi’iig geyaabi #6
  6. Makak Mamazinaa
  7. Gigizhebaa-giizhig “Binaakwiiwi-giizis 15, 1900”
  8. Naabaa’igani-Gichipizon aabajichigaade wii-bimiwichigaadeg bwaa-ayi’iig geyaabi #5
  9. Ginjidabii’igan-mazina’igan, Margaret Noodin, “Zhiibaa’iganing Anishinaabeg”
  10. Ginjidabii’igan-mazina’igan, Mark Turcotte, “Gichiwaasa Dewegewag”
  11. Ginjidabii’igan-mazina’igan, Laura Parkey, “Bagwaji’aanimad”
  12. Ginjidabii’igan-mazina’igan, Heid E. Erdrich, “Naniinawitaagoziwag” ogii-ozhibii’aan
  13. Ginjidabii’igan-mazina’igan, “Zhiibaa’iganing Jiibayegamig”

Anishinaabeg gaa-asanjigowag chizhaazhi igo miinawaa geyabi waabanjigaadeg besho Burt Zaaga’iganing noongom. Carlson asanjigo wii-zhaabwii’aad ge-zhiibendaminid bemaadizijin niigaan nakeyaa. Ozhaabwiitoonan ozhizhoobii’iganiman, gaakikinang naagadaajimowinan, ginjidabii’igan-mazina’iganan, gaye gete-gegoon ganawendaagwag Mishigami Gichigabegikendaasowigamig izhi-Ganawendaanaawaan Gaazheninjigaadeg Ezhi-gaa-Wiijiindiwaad.

Naabaa’igani-Gichipizon aabajichigaade wii-bimiwichigaadeg bwaa-ayi’iig geyaabi #4 ako #6 izhi-waabanda’ang Carlson minowaabaminaagwag Anishinaabe naabaa’igani-gichipizonan aabajichigaadeg wii-babaamiwiijigaadeg. Onow gaazheninjigaadeg ge izhinikaadeg, gaye Wiisagishing, mikawaamigooyang gakina gaa-giichigonigoowaad gaye gete-izhitwaawaad omaa. Naabaa’iganan dash ezhi-atenoon izhi-mikawenindamang nayaabisingin ateg wiigwaasi-makakoon – mii gaye aabajichigadeg wii-babaamiwiijigaadeg anoonj. Desinayaabisingin atenoon ge aazhidebii’iganan ezhi-inaagwag, mii gaye ezhi-inaagwag dibishkoo ikwewag ezhi-inaagoziwaad ge nisidawendaagwag Anishinaabe-inendamong.

Miziwe zhizhoobii’iganing, Carlson izhi-mikwendaanan gaa-ezhiwebag midaaswi-ashi-naanogonagag, Binaakwiiwi-giizis 1900 apii izhi-daawaad Zhaabo’iganing Anishinaabeg gaa-jaagizigaadeg. Gigizhebaa-giizhig “Binaakwiiwi-giizis 15, 1900” daa-izhi-nisidawaabanjigaade ezhi-inaagwag madogaanan giizhigong iw apii memwech. Gaazhigiked-ing chi-ogimaa iw apii izhinikaazod Gaazhigowi gaye ayaad ishpiming imaa biskikaag neyaashi mizhikaageg nibi Burt Zaaga’iganing. Gaawiin gaagige-ayi’iisinoon daa-izhi-nisidawaabanjigaade iw apii memwech gaa-ezhiwebag gaye daa-mikwendamang ge Zhaabo’iganing Anishinaabeg zhiibendamowaad iw apii gakina gaa-jaagizigaadeg.

Carlson gaye gii-asiginaanan naagadaajimowinensan ge izhi-dazhindaagwag ikonigaazowin gaye debendaagoziwin – omaa izhi-ateg ge ozhitood ginjidabii’igan mazina’iganan gaye gaa-mazinibii’ang – gaa-ozhibii’amowaad nayaagadaajimojig Heid E. Erdrich, Mark Turcotte, gaye Margaret Noodin. Zhaabo’iganing Anishinaabe izhinikaazo Laura Parkey gii-maada’oozhiyangid bezhigwan naagadaajimowinens gaye ozhibii’igaadeg gikinawaajichiganing ateg Zhaabo’iganing Anishinaabe Chitwaa Maanii jiibayikaaning.

Gaa-debi-giizhichigaadewan onow naanan daso ginjidabii’igan mazina’iganan gaye wii-adaawenamaang adaawewigamigoonsing, gaye wii-miizhangidwaa gakina zhooniyaa Zhaabo’iganing Anishinaabeg ge adaawenamaang onow ginjidabii’igan mazina’iganan.

Andrea Carlson
Ojibwe, United States, born 1979

Gouache on paper
Letterpress, ink on paper
Courtesy of the artist

 

  1. Hurt
  2. A Selfish Man
  3. L’Assomption Sash for Carrying Things that No Longer Exist #4
  4. Day Maker
  5. Nibi
  6. L’Assomption Sash for Carrying Things that No Longer Exist #6
  7. Box Pattern
  8. Sky in the Morning Hours of “Binaakwiiwi-giizis 15, 1900”
  9. L’Assomption Sash for Carrying Things that No Longer Exist #5
  10. Broadside, Margaret Noodin, “Zhiibaa’iganing Anishinaabeg”
  11. Broadside, Mark Turcotte, “A Very Distant Drumming”
  12. Broadside, Heid E. Erdrich, “Public Grief”
  13. Broadside, Laura Parkey, “Wild are the Winds”
  14. Broadside, Cheboiganing Cemetery
  15. Not Forever

 

Storing food, supplies, and equipment for winter in underground pits—the remnants of which still exist around Burt Lake—is an ancestral Anishinaabe practice. Here Carlson provides a cache of symbolic materials intended to promote a sense of belonging and sustain Indigenous people into the future. It is comprised of her own paintings, selected poems, and historic objects from the collection of the University of Michigan Museum of Anthropological Archaeology.

In L’Assomption Sash for Carrying Things that No Longer Exist #4–#6, Carlson references colorful Indigenous l’assomption, or arrow, sashes historically used to tie and carry items on one’s body. The poetic titles of these works, along with Hurt, are a reminder of the people who were displaced from their land and the cultural practices that once-thrived in the region. The arrangement of the arrows recalls patterns found on birch bark boxes—another method of holding or carrying things of value. The flattened patterns form variations of X-shapes, which also refer to the silhouette of a woman’s form in Anishinaabe lexicon.

Throughout the cache paintings, Carlson memorializes the events of October 15, 1900, when the Cheboiganing Band’s village was burned. Sky in the Morning Hours of “Binaakwiiwi-giizis 15, 1900” includes a representation of the constellations in the sky on that day. In Daymaker, the name of the Band’s chief at the time—Ka Ji Go We, or Day Maker—is painted above the curved shape of the peninsula reaching into the blue waters of Burt Lake. Not Forever memorializes the date itself and reminds us that the Burnout is not the end of Cheboiganing Band’s story.

Carlson also gathers together poems about displacement and belonging—reproduced here as letterpress broadsides accompanied by her own drawings—by contemporary poets Heid E. Erdrich, Margaret Noodin, and Mark Turcotte. The Burt Lake Band shared a poem by Laura Parkey and the text of a marker in what remains of the Cheboiganing Band’s St. Mary’s cemetery.

Limited-edition sets of these five broadsides are for sale in the Museum Shop, with earnings donated to the Cheboiganing (Burt Lake) Band.

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]]> Spoon and Yoke https://ojibwe.net/yoke/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=yoke Sun, 07 Aug 2022 21:06:42 +0000 https://ojibwe.net/?p=9453 Spoon and Yoke About Future Cache Spoon and Yoke Namanji-ayi'iing ako debani-ayi'iing. Emikwaan Mitigwan Gaazheninjiged gaawiin mikwendaagozisiid Zhaabo'iganing, bangishimong Burt Zaaga’igan, Mishigaming, Anishinaabewakiing Giizhigad gaawiin mikwenjigaadesinog, gii-bagidinang 1926 O’awiwaan noongom Mishigami Gichigabegikendaasowigamig izhi-Ganawendaanaawaan Gaazheninjigaadeg Ezhi-gaa-wiijiindiwaad 1618-a Naabikawaagan Mitigwan, Gidagiigin Gaazheninjiged gaawiin mikwendaagozisiid Zhaabo'iganing, bangishimong Burt Zaaga’igan, Mishigaming, Anishinaabewakiing Giizhigad gaawiin mikwenjigaadesinog, Charles [...]

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Spoon and Yoke

Yoke

Wood, Cotton Maker unrecorded Cheboygan, westside Burt Lake, Michigan, Great Lakes Region

About

About the Spoon and Yoke (in Anishinaabemowin)

Future Cache Spoon and Yoke

Namanji-ayi’iing ako debani-ayi’iing.

Emikwaan
Mitigwan
Gaazheninjiged gaawiin mikwendaagozisiid
Zhaabo’iganing, bangishimong Burt Zaaga’igan, Mishigaming, Anishinaabewakiing
Giizhigad gaawiin mikwenjigaadesinog, gii-bagidinang 1926
O’awiwaan noongom Mishigami Gichigabegikendaasowigamig izhi-Ganawendaanaawaan Gaazheninjigaadeg Ezhi-gaa-wiijiindiwaad 1618-a

Naabikawaagan
Mitigwan, Gidagiigin
Gaazheninjiged gaawiin mikwendaagozisiid
Zhaabo’iganing, bangishimong Burt Zaaga’igan, Mishigaming, Anishinaabewakiing
Giizhigad gaawiin mikwenjigaadesinog, Charles Massy gii-bagidinang 1926
O’awiwaan noongom Mishigami Gichigabegikendaasowigamig izhi-Ganawendaanaawaan Gaazheninjigaadeg Ezhi-gaa-wiijiindiwaad 1636

Ge owaabanda’aanan zhizhoobii’igewinan miinawaa naagadaajimowinan, Carlson gaye dagonang niizh gegoon gii-mikang Mishigami Gichigabegikendaasowigamig izhi-Ganawendaanaawaan Gaazheninjigaadeg Ezhi-gaa-wiijiindiwaad: mitigo-emikwaan gaye naabikawaagan. Gaazheninjigejig, debenjigejig, gaye ezhi-aabajichigaadeg bwaa-mikwendaagwag. Gakina nigikendaamin dash gaa-onzikaag (Zhaabo’iganing, bangishimong Burt Zaaga’igan, Mishigaming, Anishinaabewakiing) gaye eni-biboon gii-miinigooyaang Mishigami Gichigabegikendaasowigamigong (1926).

Aapiji ogii-gichi-inendaanan onow, Carlson gii-dagonang izhi-zhizhoobii’ang izhinikaadeg Zazaagiziwinini (Ishpaa-ayi’iing waabanda’igan, anaami-ayi’iing ge namanji-ayi’iing) gaye Nibi (Ishpaa-ayi’iing waabanda’igan, anaami-ayi’iing ge debanii-ayi’iing.) Zazaagiziwinini izhi-nisidawendaagwad ge Anishinaabe ininiwag bwaa-gaashkaashka’aawaad anaami-akikong miijim, ge ikwewan dash awashime maada’ookiinid. Ikidowin “nibi” izhi-nisidawaabanjigaade “water” Anishinaabemong gaye dash dibishkoo awiiya aawazibiidinimaaganed. Carlson izhi-zhizhoobii’aanan, onow gegoon inaagwag ge agondeg niigaaning babaami-ayaa-waanikaaning zhaabwaabanjigaadeg anisibing Burt Zaaga’iganing – ge onzikaag aanawi bwaa-atesinog imaa noongom.

Spoon
Wood
Maker unrecorded
Cheboygan, westside of Burt Lake, Michigan, Great Lakes Region
Date unrecorded, donated 1926
Loan courtesy of University of Michigan Museum of Anthropological Archaeology, 1618-a

Yoke
Wood, Cotton
Maker unrecorded
Cheboygan, westside Burt Lake, Michigan, Great Lakes Region
Date unrecorded, donated 1926 from Charles Massy [sic] Loan courtesy of University of Michigan Museum of Anthropological Archaeology, 1636

In addition to paintings and poems, Carlson’s cache includes two objects she selected from the collection of the University of Michigan Museum of Anthropological Archaeology: a wooden spoon and yoke. The original makers, owners, and circumstances of these well-worn objects are unrecorded. All we know is the approximate location in which they were reportedly found (Cheboygan county, on the west side of Burt Lake) and the year they were donated to the U-M collection (1926).

Inspired by these objects, Carlson represents them in her paintings A Selfish Man (above case, bottom left) and Nibi (above case, bottom right). A Selfish Man refers to the Anishinaabe cultural practice of prohibiting men from scraping the remaining food from the bottom of a kettle, as women are viewed as being more equitable in the distribution of resources. The word “nibi” means “water” in Anishinaabemowin and references the practice of resting a wooden yoke across one’s shoulders to carry vessels of water. In Carlson’s paintings, these objects appear to float in front of portal views onto the crystalline waters of Burt Lake—as if they are from this place, but decidedly displaced.

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]]> Gaa-ezhiwebag https://ojibwe.net/gaa-ezhiwebag/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=gaa-ezhiwebag Sun, 07 Aug 2022 21:11:40 +0000 https://ojibwe.net/?p=9456 Gaa-ezhiwebag (Burt Lake Band Statement of History) The Memorial Wall Text Gaa-ezhiwebag (B5) Zhiibaa'iganing-Anishinaabeg gaa-daawag omaa The Burt Lake Band of Anishinaabe have lived ginwenzh. 1836 naakonigewining 1000 diba'igaanan on this land for centuries. The 1836 Treaty of Anishinaabe-neyaashing gaa-miizhaawaad mii dash Washington set aside 1000 acres of land on Indian chimookomaanan bwaa-ganawenimigoowaad [...]

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Gaa-ezhiwebag (Burt Lake Band Statement of History)

The Memorial Wall Text

Gaa-ezhiwebag (B5)

Zhiibaa’iganing-Anishinaabeg gaa-daawag omaa
The Burt Lake Band of Anishinaabe have lived

ginwenzh. 1836 naakonigewining 1000 diba’igaanan
on this land for centuries. The 1836 Treaty of

Anishinaabe-neyaashing gaa-miizhaawaad mii dash
Washington set aside 1000 acres of land on Indian

chimookomaanan bwaa-ganawenimigoowaad Anishinaabeg.
Point however, the government failed to protect it.

Aki dibaabaadaanaawaa 1840 miinawaa 1855
The land was surveyed in 1840 and 1855, mapping

ji-waabandamowaad oodenaang gitigewikamigoon.
out the Band’s Indian Village and farmlands. In the

Gaa-onaakonaanaawaa ingodwaaswi-diba’igaanan
late 1840’s the Band decided to purchase six parcels

ji-giishpinadoowaad. Ani 1855 gii-dibendaanaawaa
via Federal land patents. By 1855 they owned 375

375 diba’igaaadeg akiin, niizhtana mitigo-waakaa’iganan,
acres of Federal “In Trust to the Governor” land,

bezhig anama’ewigamig miinawaa bezhig jiibewigamig.
twenty log homes, a church and a cemetery.

Baanimaa a’aw aki zhooniyaa-inini gii-maajiidoon
Decades later, the “In Trust” lands were illegally taxed and

mii dash oodenaang wendaajig gii-ikonigaazowaad.
a local banker illegally seized the land, evicting the

Binaakwe-giizis 15, 1900, gii-giichigoshkaagoowaad
villagers. On October 15, 1900, the county sheriff

dakonininiwan izhi-daawaad jaagaakizaanid.
forced the residents from their homes and they were

Niizhwaasimidana-ashi-niizhwaaswi Zhiibaa’iganing
then burned to the ground. At least seventy-seven Band

Anishinaabeg izhi-daawag gii-banaajitoonid.
members lost their homes. Since that date, the Burt

Akwi Zhiibaa’iganing Anishinaabeg gagwejitoonaawaa
Lake Band has engaged in legal action to regain their

ji-nisidawaabamigoowaad Chimookomaaniwaki-Wegimaajin.
Federal status. The State of Michigan recognized the

Michiganing nisidawaabanjigaazowag 1985.
Burt Lake Band in 1985. They await the federal

1836 ako-baabiitoonaawaa ji-nisidawaabanjigaazowaad.
re-affirmation, first received in 1836.

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